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What are the most promising anode materials for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries, and what still holds them back?
Deep Research · searched 1,284 sources · read 31 papers · 41s
Three families lead the field in 2026. Hard carbons are the most mature: optimised pore structures now exceed 300 mAh/g with stable cycling 1.
Alloy anodes such as Sn–P store far more sodium, but expand by up to 400% and crack within a few hundred cycles 2. Titanates trade capacity for exceptional life, passing 10,000 cycles in recent preprints 3.
The main barrier is first-cycle efficiency, which still sits near 85% for most hard carbons 14
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Marcus pinned source 2 to Anode shortlist · “Check the cycling data against Halden’s preprint.”